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Diagram showing the block hash of a candidate block trying to get below a target value.

当前目标值:

高度: 956,480 (即将到来的区块)

000000000000000000021a420000000000000000000000000000000000000000

目标值是一个数字,候选区块区块哈希必须小于或等于该数字,才能将该区块添加到区块链中。

它在挖矿过程中使用。

目标值每 2016 个区块(大约每两周)调整一次,以试图确保平均每 10 分钟挖掘一个区块。这在区块之间创造了一致的时间,以及新比特币的一致发行(通过区块奖励)。

为了补偿不断增加的硬件速度以及随着时间推移运行节点的不同兴趣,工作量证明的难度由针对每小时平均区块数的移动平均线决定。如果它们生成得太快,难度就会增加。

中本聪,比特币白皮书

周期

目标值何时调整?

目标值每 2016 个区块调整一次。

这大约是每两周一次。

区块大约每 10 分钟挖掘一次,两周内有 20,160 分钟。

历史

以下是比特币历史上每次目标值调整的区块高度和目标值:

高度 目标值 调整* 时间
957600 下一次调整在 1120 个区块后 (7 天, 18 小时, 40 分钟)
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185472 00000000000009b78a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.91695152962047 20 Jun 2012, 16:16:04
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159264 0000000000000e76ba0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.99578322365933 26 Dec 2011, 18:43:25
157248 0000000000000e86680000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.94431123883859 12 Dec 2011, 19:42:35
155232 0000000000000f61b10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1.0933167753061 29 Nov 2011, 14:20:20
153216 0000000000000e119a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1.0091942951588 14 Nov 2011, 06:56:10
151200 0000000000000df0ca0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1.2199766316141 31 Oct 2011, 03:42:14
149184 0000000000000b6d4b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1.1506195791625 14 Oct 2011, 01:44:35
147168 00000000000009ee5d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1.0391224588523 27 Sep 2011, 22:47:04
145152 000000000000098ea50000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1.0127314796101 13 Sep 2011, 09:31:56
143136 000000000000096fe30000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1.0157086033549 30 Aug 2011, 05:15:03
141120 000000000000094a860000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1.0460130867162 15 Aug 2011, 23:44:54
139104 00000000000008e1e50000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.8952285603558 01 Aug 2011, 08:11:19
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135072 0000000000000abbcf0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.88238489115682 06 Jul 2011, 20:35:46
133056 0000000000000c2a120000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.63584643055118 24 Jun 2011, 11:45:23
131040 0000000000001321850000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.64686313184809 15 Jun 2011, 13:49:34
129024 0000000000001d932f0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.76661449699777 06 Jun 2011, 12:25:05
127008 0000000000002694210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.56133679688281 26 May 2011, 18:41:56
124992 00000000000044b9f20000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.64485190118241 18 May 2011, 22:04:47
122976 0000000000006a93b30000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.69668809608166 09 May 2011, 21:17:24
120960 00000000000098fa000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.84204867979702 30 Apr 2011, 02:53:00
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112896 000000000000dc31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.72959190277113 09 Mar 2011, 15:25:55
110880 0000000000012dcd000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.65587700979643 27 Feb 2011, 09:59:20
108864 000000000001cc26000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.71305432137625 18 Feb 2011, 05:15:52
106848 0000000000028552000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.84669909232086 08 Feb 2011, 04:53:20
104832 000000000002fa29000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.83760335190734 27 Jan 2011, 08:16:11
102816 0000000000038dee000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.8844633615698 15 Jan 2011, 14:26:07
100800 00000000000404cb000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.88819454749025 03 Jan 2011, 05:10:11
98784 000000000004864c000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.84588942424268 21 Dec 2010, 18:34:03
96768 0000000000055953000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.65933687691144 09 Dec 2010, 22:20:02
94752 0000000000081cd2000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.85005356143577 30 Nov 2010, 16:37:55
92736 0000000000098b2a000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.66061171937548 18 Nov 2010, 18:44:34
90720 00000000000e7256000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.68154669565311 09 Nov 2010, 12:29:28
88704 0000000000153263000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 0.69508560757914 30 Oct 2010, 22:58:47
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30240 00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1 18 Dec 2009, 09:56:01
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26208 00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1 31 Oct 2009, 15:28:20
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16128 00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1 31 May 2009, 02:31:25
14112 00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1 12 May 2009, 03:20:25
12096 00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1 24 Apr 2009, 18:51:38
10080 00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1 06 Apr 2009, 22:04:23
8064 00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1 20 Mar 2009, 00:26:26
6048 00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 x 1 02 Mar 2009, 04:01:53
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0 00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 03 Jan 2009, 18:15:05
* 本表中的调整比例是根据一个目标值到下一个目标值的变化计算出来的。实际的调整比例是根据区块之间的时间计算出来的。详情请参见每个区块。
  • 目标值调整限制在 4 倍以内。 因此最大调整为 x0.25 或 x4。这是为了防止从一个目标值到下一个目标值发生过大的调整。
  • 目标值在最初的 15 个调整周期内没有变化,因为区块的开采速度慢于每 10 分钟一个,而且目标值已经处于最大值。

调整

如何计算目标值?

上一次调整 当前目标值

0x

0 bytes

时间 (秒)

实际

0d

预期

0d

目标值调整周期为 2016 个区块。一个区块平均每 600 秒(10 分钟)开采一次,因此预期时间为 2016 * 600 = 1209600 秒。

比例

实际时间除以预期时间。我们将当前目标值乘以这个比例来得到新的目标值。

新目标值 (全精度)

0x

新目标值

0x

0 bytes

注意:此目标值已被稍微截断,以便存储在区块头的 bits 字段中,这是挖矿时实际使用的目标值。

0 secs

第一区块的目标值设定为:

高度: 0 (创世区块)

00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Diagram showing the target for the genesis block.

这个初始目标值是硬编码在每个比特币节点的源代码中的(参见 chainparams.cpp)。它也是可能的最大目标值。这很可能是中本聪对一个足够困难的目标值的一个最佳推测,该目标值将导致新区块之间的时间间隔为 10 分钟。

在每第 2016 个区块上,每个节点都会查看前 2015 个区块之间的时间,并算出它们平均开采的速度是快于还是慢于 10 分钟。

Diagram showing the target period between the genesis block and the 2016th block along with the timestamp of each block.

每个区块在其区块头中都包含一个时间戳。此时间戳采用 Unix 时间,即自 1970年1月1日 00:00:00 以来的秒数。

Tool Icon Unix 时间

Unix 时间

0d

当前

日期

0 secs

如果在此期间开采区块的速度快于每 10 分钟,则目标值将向下调整,以使下一个周期的区块更难低于目标值。

Diagram showing the target value adjusting downwards due to blocks being mined more quickly than expected.

相反,如果开采区块的速度慢于每 10 分钟,则目标值将向上调整,以使下一个周期的区块不那么难低于目标值。

Diagram showing the target value adjusting upwards due to blocks being mined more slowly than expected.

因此,随着矿工随时间推移加入和离开网络,每个节点都会定期重新计算目标值,以维持新区块之间 10 分钟的平均间隔。

参见页面底部的代码以获取一个具体示例。

同步

节点如何计算相同的目标值?

每个人都使用相同的链 data 进行相同的计算,因此他们都在链中的相同链接处得到相同的结果。

中本聪,比特币 P2P 电子现金论文

网络上的每个节点独立运行,因此没有中央 authority 来确定当前的目标值。

然而,由于节点总是采用最长的区块链作为其区块链,它们都将计算出相同的目标值

例如,当你第一次运行比特币时,你的节点将执行初始区块下载并在过程中计算目标值。而且因为你收到的区块与其他人相同,所以当你到达区块链顶端时,你最终会计算出相同的当前目标值。

Diagram showing the initial block download and target calculations.

此外,所有节点都不断更新到相同版本的区块链(因为它们总是采用最长可用区块链)。因此,随着每个新区块的开采,节点也将计算出相同的目标值。

Diagram showing nodes on the network recalculating the target when new blocks are mined.

因此,尽管节点独立计算目标值,但由于它们共享相同的区块链视图,因此它们都会计算出相同的目标值。

目的

为什么比特币使用目标值?

目标值调节新区块添加到区块链的速度

这有两个好处:

1. 给区块在网络中传播的时间。

如果广播在实践中证明比预期的要慢,则可能必须增加区块之间的目标时间,以避免浪费资源。我们希望区块的传播时间通常远远少于生成它们所需的时间,否则节点将花费太多时间在过时的区块上工作。

中本聪,比特币 P2P 电子现金论文

最好让矿工尽可能多地致力于延长相同的区块链。为此,我们需要在挖掘下一个区块之前,为新区块在网络中的传播预留时间

Diagram showing a newly-mined block propagating across nodes on the network.

If 区块的开采速度快于它们在网络中的广播速度,这将导致矿工经常在区块链中的“旧”区块之上工作(因为他们还没有机会收到最新区块)。

这将导致矿工构建多个竞争的区块链;其中只有一个会成为最长链,因此一些矿工最终将浪费能量致力于在竞争链之上进行构建,结果却因为链重组而被抛在后面。

Diagram showing miners working on building two different blockchains due to not receiving the latest blocks quickly enough.

因此,这种时间延迟(区块间隔)允许区块传播网络,以便更多矿工能够采用最长的可用链,这有助于集中网络的挖矿能力来延长相同的区块链。

Diagram showing miners focused on extending the same blockchain due to the latest block having time to propagate the network.

2. 持续发行新比特币。

代币必须以某种方式最初分发,而恒定的速率似乎是最好的公式。

中本聪,比特币 P2P 电子现金论文

比特币是一种货币,因此将新比特币引入系统的固定速率有助于提供稳定性。

Diagram showing block rewards being issued at a constant rate.

因此,多亏了目标值,你可以确信新比特币将以可预测的速率铸造。

位置

在哪里可以找到目标值?

目标值存储在每个区块的区块头bits 字段中。

Diagram showing the target being stored in the bits field of a block header.

bits 字段是目标值的紧凑表示(以节省区块头中的空间)。但你可以轻松地在 bits 表示和完整目标值之间进行转换。

Tool Icon 目标值 Bits

当前

随机示例

高度:

目标值

0x

0 bytes

Bits0 bytes

0 secs

命令

bitcoin-cli getblocktemplate

这是获取当前目标值最简单的方法。当你请求区块模板(出于挖矿目的)时,它也将返回当前目标值。

此命令返回大量数据,因此最好对目标值进行 grep

$ bitcoin-cli getblocktemplate '{"rules": ["segwit"]}' | grep target

"target": "000000000000000000021a420000000000000000000000000000000000000000",

bitcoin-cli getdifficulty

或者,要获取当前目标值,你可以询问当前的难度,然后你可以将其转换为目标值:

$ bitcoin-cli getdifficulty
133869853540305.41

Tool Icon 难度

当前

随机示例

高度:

最大目标值

0x

目标值

0x

0 bytes

难度

0d

0 secs

从难度转换为目标值并不总是准确的。 难度是根据第一个目标值和当前目标值之间的变化计算出来的浮点数,因此它可能会失去精度并给你一个不准确的结果。

bitcoin-cli getblockheader [block hash]

此命令允许你找到特定区块的先前目标值。挖矿时的目标值以 bits 格式存储在每个区块头中,你可以将其转换为完整的目标值。

$ bitcoin-cli getblockheader 000000000000000002e9533a4fe03bb251b3fdb30ffaa384aad133b7fae594cf
{
  "hash": "000000000000000002e9533a4fe03bb251b3fdb30ffaa384aad133b7fae594cf",
  "confirmations": 425677,
  "height": 401184,
  "version": 4,
  "versionHex": "00000004",
  "merkleroot": "b4afa0502a55fdfa4a5cda6ea2bc546ba527d276ea9c7e848b8cd478cd9b6607",
  "time": 1457133956,
  "mediantime": 1457132303,
  "nonce": 3778923481,
  "bits": "1806f0a8",
  "difficulty": 158427203767.3917,
  "chainwork": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000012da32364c8f47d519604d",
  "nTx": 845,
  "previousblockhash": "000000000000000003c4a4d9c62b3a7f4893afe14eef8a6a377229d23ad4b1ea",
  "nextblockhash": "00000000000000000037ab74c8db9b7a9d7de039210d8eafaeb44ba35adfb624"
}

Tool Icon 目标值 Bits

当前

随机示例

高度:

目标值

0x

0 bytes

Bits0 bytes

0 secs

你可以使用以下单行命令获取链中最新区块的目标值:
$ bitcoin-cli getblockheader $(bitcoin-cli getblockhash $(bitcoin-cli getblockcount))

代码

这里有一些用于计算目标值调整的 Ruby 示例代码。

此代码使用区块 401,184403,199 的时间戳,计算出区块 403,200 的新目标值。

# 403,200 - NEW TARGET
# 403,199              | last block
#                      |
#                      |
#                      |
# 401,184 - NEW TARGET | first block (target = 0x000000000000000006f0a8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)

# 1. Get the timestamps for the first and last block in the target adjustment period
first = 1457133956 # block 401,184
last  = 1458291885 # block 403,199

# 2. Work out the ratio of the actual time against the expected time
actual = last - first     # 1157929 (number of seconds between first and last block)
expected = 2016 * 10 * 60 # 1209600 (number of seconds expected between 2016 blocks)
ratio = actual.to_f / expected.to_f

# 3. Limit the adjustment by a factor of 4 (to prevent massive changes from one target to the next)
ratio = 0.25 if ratio < 0.25
ratio = 4 if ratio > 4

# 4. Multiply the current target by this ratio to get the new target
current_target = 0x000000000000000006f0a8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
new_target = (current_target * ratio)

# 5. Don't let the target go above the maximum target
max_target = 0x00000000ffff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
new_target = max_target if new_target > max_target

# 5. Truncate the target, because the official target is the truncated "bits" format stored in the block header
# This code is a bit rough, because it's working with strings when I should really be working with actual bytes.
new_target = new_target.to_i.to_s(16) # convert from decimal to hexadecimal
new_target = new_target.size % 2 != 0 ? '0' + new_target : new_target # make sure it's an even number of characters (i.e. bytes)
truncated = new_target.scan(/../).each_with_index.map { |byte, i| byte = i >= 3 ? "00" : byte }.join # set all bytes apart from first 3 to zeros
# e.g. 6a4c316c01f354000000000000000000000000000000000 <- full precision
# e.g. 6a4c3000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 <- official target

# 6. Display the full target (with leading zeros)
target = truncated.rjust(64, '0')
puts target
# 000000000000000006a4c3000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  • 你可以使用 bitcoin-cli getblockheader [block hash] 获取区块的时间戳。
  • 你可以使用 bitcoin-cli getblockhash [height] 获取特定高度区块的区块哈希。

差一错误 (Off-by-one error)。 目标值调整实际上是使用 2015 个区块的时间(例如 403199 - 401184 = 2015)来计算的,而不是像你预期的那样使用 2016 个区块。这是代码中的一个实现错误,至今仍然存在。

官方目标值。 挖矿时矿工需要低于的实际目标值是存储在 bits 字段中的截断目标值。因此,它实际上不是你在目标值调整计算后获得的全精度目标值。

常见问题

为什么区块之间间隔 10 分钟?

除了中本聪之外,我想没有人确切地知道为什么选择 10 分钟

我的猜测是,这看起来足够长,可以让区块在网络中传播(以最大程度地减少链重组),并且足够短,以免为新交易在区块链上被开采等待太久。

而且 10 是一个不错的整数。

是什么导致区块被开采的速度快于或慢于每 10 分钟?

首先,挖矿不可预测的,所以你永远不知道矿工何时会发现下一个区块哈希低于当前目标值的区块。

其次(最重要的一点),矿工可以随时加入和离开网络,这会影响区块的开采速度。例如,加入网络的矿工越多,进行的哈希运算就越多,新区块在 10 分钟内被开采出来的可能性就越大。

资源

致谢

  • 感谢 David Harding 指出你可以使用 bitcoin-cli getblocktemplate 直接从 bitcoind 获取目标值。